|
| Kingdom of Kent | ||||
|
||||
| Britain around AD 800 | ||||
| Capital | Canterbury (believed) | |||
| Language(s) | Old English | |||
| Government | Monarchy | |||
| Kings of Kent | ||||
| - mid-late 5th century | Hengist | |||
| - 865-871 | Æthelred of Wessex | |||
| History | ||||
| - Established | 400s | |||
| - Disestablished | 871 | |||
The Kingdom of Kent (Cent in Old English, Cantia regnum in Latin) was a Jutish colony and later independent kingdom in what is now south east England. It was founded at an unknown date in the 5th century by Jutes, members of a Germanic people from continental Europe, some of whom settled in Britain after the withdrawal of the Romans. It was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy, but it lost its independence in the 8th century, when it became a sub-kingdom of Mercia. In the 9th century, it became a sub-kingdom of Wessex, and in the 10th century, it became part of the unified Kingdom of England which was created under the leadership of Wessex. Its name has been carried forward ever since as the county of Kent.
The origins of Kent are obscure, but its boundaries are likely to correspond to the ancient tribal lands of the Brythonic Cantiaci tribe or Ceint after which the kingdom is named. Caesar referred to Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus and Segovax as kings of the four regions of Cantiacia. Later kings known from their coins include Dubnovellaunus, Vosenos, Eppillus, and Amminus.
The Kentish coastline was known as the Saxon Shore and was guarded by a series of very effective fortresses. After the evacuation of the last Roman legions from Britain, the local tradition reported much later that a number of Jutish ships made landfall in Britain. The British ruling council offered them payment in return for federati service defending the realm in the north from the incursions of Picts and Scots. According to legend they were promised provisions and offered the island of Ruoihm (as originally spelt by Nennius) - now known as the Isle of Thanet - in perpetuity to use as a base for their operations. It is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles that their leader, Hengist, advised:
Apparently the Jutes assaulted the enemy and brought much needed relief to the beleaguered Romano-British communities of the north. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful Historia Regum Britanniae, the British king Vortigern married Rowena, the daughter of Hengist, with the civitas of the Cantiaci (Kent) as the bride-gift.
Gwrangon was king of Ceint in the time of Vortigern according to Nennius. The word 'king' may be misleading and it is more likely that the 'province' of the Cantiaci was ruled jointly by a civil governor (Gwrangon?) and a military governor, according to Roman custom, and that Hengist became the new military governor.
The establishment of barbarian bases inland rendered the extensive coastal forts of the Saxon Shore almost useless as the 6th Century British monk Gildas laments:
They sealed its [Britain's] doom by inviting in among them (like wolves in to the sheep fold), the fierce and impious Saxons [sic] a race hurtful both to God and men, to repel the invasions of the northern nations. Nothing was ever so pernicious to our country, nothing was ever so unlucky. What palpable darkness must have enveloped their minds--darkened, desperate and cruel! Those very people whom, when absent, they dreaded more than death itself, were invited to reside, as one may say, under the selfsame roof.
The Jutes began making ever increasing demands for provisions from their hosts, who became increasingly divided and fractious. Each time the Britons threatened to withhold the supplies the Jutes threatened to break the alliance and ravage the country. Vortimer, Vortigern's son, assembled an army and attacked the Jutes. Vortimer died at the Battle of Aylesford alongside Horsa, the Jutish co-ruler of Kent. The next year the Jutes were attacked again at the Battle of Crecganford.
A banquet is said to have taken place ostensibly to seal a peace treaty between the Britons and their Germanic foes, which may have involved the cession of modern-day Essex. The story tells that the "Saxons"—which probably includes Angles and Jutes—arrived at the banquet armed, surprising the British, who were slaughtered. This event was dubbed the Night of the Long Knives by Geoffrey of Monmouth and is the original event to bear that name. The only escapees from this slaughter were said to be Vortigern himself. The historical existence of this event and of persons involved in it is conjectural, as textual evidence is weak and only begins in the 7th century.
The British government under Vortigern unravelled, and civil war spread across the country. There was further action at the Battle of Wippedesfleot, but Kent was never recovered. From then on, the pacified territory of Ceint was known as Cantware, "dwellers in Kent" and its kings traced their lineage from Hengist.
Archaeologists, following J.N.L. Myres,[1] detect in the post-Roman period two distinct principal pre-Christian cultures in Kent, identifiable by their by no means homogeneous grave goods. The poorer one, still occasionally practising cremation, has affinities in its pottery and its brooches with Saxons and Frisians. The other Myres distinguished by their wheel-thrown pottery of Frankish technique and precious metals, garnets, glass, amethysts and other luxuries in personal adornment and in skilful metalworking techniques in enamel, niello and filigree unparalleled elsewhere in sub-Roman Britain. A critical unsolved problem in the early history is the relationship of these cultures, overlapping in time, the Frankish material culture, perhaps, according to H.R. Loyn[2] the remains of a richer culture of foederati and their successors, the poorer culture setting up farmsteads under the protection of a warrior aristocracy that expanded from a base in East Kent, the Isle of Thanet and Canterbury.
The first securely dateable event in the kingdom is the arrival of Augustine with 40 monks in 597. Maybe because Kent was the first kingdom in England to be established by the Germanic invaders, it was relatively powerful in the early Anglo-Saxon period. It is the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom to have had two bishops in the 7th century; even in modern Kent the eastern and western parts of the county have some cultural differences. As the only part of England not taken by force in the Norman invasion it has the Latin motto "Invicta".
Kent achieved its greatest power under Æthelbert at the beginning of the 7th century: Æthelbert was recognized as Bretwalda until his death in 616, and was the first Anglo-Saxon king to accept Christianity, as well as the first to introduce a written code of laws, in 616. He had relations with the Franks and his queen (a Christian) was a Frank. After his reign the power of Kent began to decline: by around 650 Kent seems to have been dominated by more powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
In 686 Kent was conquered by Caedwalla of Wessex; within a year, Caedwalla's brother Mul was killed in a Kentish revolt, and Caedwalla returned to devastate the kingdom again. After this, Kent fell into a state of disorder. The Mercians backed a client king named Oswine, but he seems to have reigned for only about two years, after which Wihtred became king. Wihtred, famous for the Law of Wihtred, did a great deal to restore the kingdom after the devastation and tumult of the preceding years, and in 694 he made peace with the West Saxons by paying compensation for the killing of Mul.
The history of Kent following the death of Wihtred in 725 is one of fragmentation and increasing obscurity. For the 40 years that followed, two or even three kings typically ruled simultaneously. It may have been this sort of division that made Kent the first target of the rising power of Offa of Mercia: in 764, he gained supremacy over Kent and began to rule it through client kings. By the early 770s, it appears that Offa was attempting to rule Kent directly, and a rebellion followed. A battle was fought at Otford in 776, and although the outcome was not recorded, the circumstances of the years that followed suggest that the rebels of Kent prevailed: Egbert II and later Ealhmund seem to have ruled independently of Offa for nearly a decade thereafter. This did not last, however, as Offa firmly re-established his authority over Kent in 785.
From 785 until 796 Kent was ruled directly by Mercia. In 796 Offa died, and in this moment of Mercian weakness a Kentish rebellion under Eadbert Praen temporarily succeeded. Offa's eventual successor, Coenwulf, reconquered Kent in 798, however, and installed his brother Cuthred as king. After Cuthred's death in 807 Coenwulf ruled Kent directly. Mercian authority was replaced by that of Wessex in 825, following the latter's victory at the Battle of Ellandun, and the Mercian client king Baldred was expelled.
In 892, when all southern England was united under Alfred the Great, Kent was on the brink of disaster. A hundred years earlier pagan Vikings had begun their raids on Britain—they first attacked Lindisfarne on the coast of Northumbria, killing the monks and devastating the Abbey. They then made successive raids further south until in the year 878 the formidable Alfred defeated them, later drawing up a treaty allowing them to settle in East Anglia and the North East. However, countrymen from their Danish homeland were still on the move and by the late 880s Haesten, a highly experienced warrior-leader, had mustered huge forces in northern France having besieged Paris and taken Brittany.
Up to 350 Viking ships sailed from Boulogne to the south coast of Kent in 892. A massive army of between 5000 and 10,000 men with their women, children and horses came up the now long-lost Limen estuary (the east-west route of the Royal Military Canal in reclaimed Romney Marsh) and attacked a Saxon fort near lonely St Rumwold's church, Bonnington, killing all inside. They then moved on and over the next year built their own giant fortress at Appledore. On hearing of this, resident Danes in East Anglia and elsewhere broke their promises to Alfred and rose up to join in. At first they made lightning raids out of Appledore, in one of these they razed to the ground a large settlement, Seleberhtes Cert (present-day Great Chart near Ashford); later, the whole army moved further inland and engaged in numerous battles with the English, but after four years they gave up. Some retreated to East Anglia and others went back to northern France. There they were the forebears of the Normans who returned in triumph less than two centuries later.
The mixed cultures of its settlers in the fifth and sixth centuries, its connections with Frankish culture on the Continent—whether interpreted as trade merchandise, marriage gifts or ceremonial exchanges— and its early stabilization and independence as a kingdom continued to be reflected in several uniquely Kentish cultural features, "a constant theme in English social history", H. R. Loyn observed.[3] The institutional evidence for Kent's uniqueness was marshaled by J. E. A. Jolliffe,[4] who instanced the hamlet of free peasant cultivators, not the nucleated village, the inheritance pattern of kindred's common right called gavelkind, and the dominant landscape pattern of the uniquely Kentish lathes, each with its share in the forested Weald, four lathes of East Kent centred on Wye, Canterbury, Lympne and Eastry, and three in West Kent, administered from Rochester.[5]
|
|||||||||||